Product Design

Design Development

Arts and Craft movement- 1890s, William Morris

  • promoted quality craftsmanship,

  • inspired by natural patterns and forms,

  • used high quality materials which were only affordable by the wealthy


    • Art Nouveau- 1890- 1914, Louis Comfort Tiffany and Charles Rennie Mackintosh

    • Based on natural, organic lines


      • Designs are influenced by

      • The discovery of new materials

      • Iconic products

      • Manufacturing and technological developments

      • Fashions, trends and the latest thinking


        • New products are developed because of Market Pull and Technological Push

        Consumer demand with new material and production methods

        Quality control

        Manufacturers constantly improve products which is a part of Total Quality Management

        Evolution of products

        • Development in new material

        • Changes in manufacturing methods

        • New technologies

        • Social changes

        • Changing fashions


          • Design Issues

          Renewable and non renewable material

          Reduce, recycle, reuse, repair, refuse,

          Packaging

          • Protect

          • Information

          • Display

          • Transportation

          • Containing

          • Preservation


            • Packaging symbols tell consumers about hazards. storage and handling, maintenance, disposal and design protection.

            Bar codes are used for stock control, pricing, to eliminate human error, to check consumer buying trends, to record points for loyalty cards

            Food labeling

            • Name

            • Ingredients

            • Dates

            • Storage

            • Nutritional

            • Contact


              • Planned obsolescence is where a product has been designed to be thrown out after a certain use

              Standard components make it easier to maintain products as things are standardized.

              Target market have stereotypes

              Ideal product is inclusive but exclusive ones have a niche market

              People vary in physiological factors like size strength and stamina

              Anthropometrics use the  measurements of humans and movement of body parts.

              Ergonomics study the efficiency of people in their working environment usually in the application of anthropocentric

              Weight, smell, shape, light, noise, size and temperature are considered

              Working triangle is the work-space needed and the range of movement needed for a task i.e. buttons in cars need to be within easy reach

              Psychological factors are touch. taste. smell. sound and sight

              Sociological factors are concerned with people working with each other, i.e personal space on a bus.

              Access- you need to make things easier to use by making them inclusive to most people.

              Lifts, disabled parking, and braille help disabled people

              Using simple icons and pictures penetrate language barriers.

              Safety- how large components are so cant be swallowed...

              Dietary needs, allergies, daily intake....

              Standards

              BSI - British Standards Institution's Kite-mark show that products have been tested against a nationally recognized standard.

              Conformite Europeene CE symbol shows that it meets the minimum requirements from the EU

              Paper

              1. Wood pulp is got from trees that are cut and debarked

              2. Chemicals added to make it white and then cooked in water to make mushy wood pulp

              3. Pulp put on mesh to drain water and fibers join

              4. Fibers pressed through rollers to remove excess water


                5. Board

                Made from several layers of pulp paper so it is thicker, heavier and more rigid than paper.

                Thick boards are made by sticking sheets of paper or board together through laminating

                Composite materials are when it is laminated with a wider range of material such as aluminium and  plastic foams.

                Layout and tracing paper- hard and translucent, 50g /m^2, used in designing

                Cartridge paper- Tough and lightly textured, Very light cream colour, 100-135 g/m^2

                Cardboard- Can be laminated together, 200g/m^2  upwards, often recycled, general purpose ( packaging)

                Solid white board- Strong, high quality, pure bleached wood pulp, good for printing onto.

                Duplex board- pure bleached wood pulp with a bleached liner on one side, 250-500 g/m^2

                Foil-lined board - Laminating aluminium foil to one side of cardboard, solid white board or duplex board. Insulating and keeps moisture in/ out

                Corrugated board- Strong, cheap, liner board and medium, single or double walled

                Timber

                Hardwood- slow growing, hard, expensive, deciduous.

                Softwood- Soft, fast growing, easy to work, weaker

                Manufactured boards- Timber sheets made by gluing wood layers (veneers) or fibres together.

                Grain pattern, color, texture, work ability, structural strength are things to consider when choosing wood.

                Beech- straight grain, light colour, hard, easy to work with

                Oak- Strong, light brown, open grained, Hard but easy to work with

                Ash- Open grained, easy to work with, Pale cream colour, Can be laminated.

                Mahogany. Reddish brown, Easy to work with

                Teak- Durable, oily wood, Golden brown, High resistant to moisture.

                Scots pine- Straight grained, Light in colour, fairly strong but easy to work with, cheap

                Parana pine- Hard and straight grained, fairly strong and durable, expensive, pale yellow.

                Medium density fibreboard- smooth even surface, easily machined, painted or stained, available in water and fire resistant form, often veneered or painted.

                Hardboard- Cheap particle board, can have a laminated plastic surface.

                Chipboard- Made from chips of wood glued together, usually veneered with and attractive hardwood

                Plywood- Strong board with layers of veneer with grains glued perpendicular; interior and exterior grades available, durable.

                Blockboard- plywood but with central layer made from strips of timber
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